banner



Home  ›  Best Home And Gardens Furnitute Has Formaldehyde

Best Home And Gardens Furnitute Has Formaldehyde

Written By Wednesday, 17 November 2021 Add Comment Edit

Widely used toxic organic compound

"Methanal" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Methanol or Menthol.

Structural formula of formaldehyde (with hydrogens)

Spacefill model of formaldehyde

Ball and stick model of formaldehyde
Names
Preferred IUPAC name

Formaldehyde[1]

Systematic IUPAC name

Methanal[1]

Other names

Methyl aldehyde
Methylene glycol (diol forms in aqueous solution)
Methylene oxide
Formalin (aqueous solution)
Formol
Carbonyl hydride
Identifiers

CAS Number
  • 50-00-0 check Y

3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
3DMet
  • B00018

Beilstein Reference

 1209228
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:16842 check Y
ChEMBL
  • ChEMBL1255 check Y
ChemSpider
  • 692 check Y
DrugBank
  • DB03843 check Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.002 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 200-001-8
E number E240 (preservatives)

Gmelin Reference

 445

IUPHAR/BPS
  • 4196
KEGG
  • D00017 check Y
MeSH Formaldehyde

PubChem CID

  • 712
RTECS number
  • LP8925000
UNII
  • 1HG84L3525 check Y
UN number 2209

CompTox Dashboard (EPA)

  • DTXSID7020637 Edit this at Wikidata

InChI

  • InChI=1S/CH2O/c1-2/h1H2check Y

    Key: WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-Ncheck Y

  • InChI=1/CH2O/c1-2/h1H2

    Key: WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYAT

SMILES

  • C=O
Properties[7]

Chemical formula

 C H 2 O
Molar mass 30.026 g·mol−1
Appearance Colorless gas
Density 0.8153 g/cm3 (−20 °C)[2] (liquid)
Melting point −92 °C (−134 °F; 181 K)
Boiling point −19 °C (−2 °F; 254 K)[2]

Solubility in water

 400 g/L
log P 0.350
Vapor pressure > 1 atm[3]
Acidity (pK a) 13.27 (hydrate)[4] [5]

Magnetic susceptibility (χ)

 −18.6·10−6 cm3/mol

Dipole moment

 2.330 D[6]
Structure

Point group

 C2v

Molecular shape

 Trigonal planar
Pharmacology

ATCvet code

 QP53AX19 (WHO)
Hazards
Safety data sheet MSDS(Archived)
GHS pictograms GHS06: Toxic GHS05: Corrosive GHS02: Flammable GHS08: Health hazard [8]
GHS Signal word Danger

GHS hazard statements

 H301, H311, H331, H314, H317, H335, H341, H350, H370 [8]

GHS precautionary statements

 P201, P280, P303+361+353, P304+340+310, P305+351+338, P308+310 [8]
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)

3

4

0

COR

Flash point 64 °C (147 °F; 337 K)

Autoignition
temperature

 430 °C (806 °F; 703 K)
Explosive limits 7–73%
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

LD50 (median dose)

 100 mg/kg (oral, rat)[11]

LC50 (median concentration)

 333 ppm (mouse, 2 h)
815 ppm (rat, 30 min)[12]

LCLo (lowest published)

 333 ppm (cat, 2 h)[12]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):

PEL (Permissible)

 TWA 0.75 ppm ST 2 ppm (as formaldehyde and formalin)[9] [10]

REL (Recommended)

 Ca TWA 0.016 ppm C 0.1 ppm [15-minute][9]

IDLH (Immediate danger)

 Ca [20 ppm][9]
Related compounds

Related aldehydes

 Acetaldehyde

Butyraldehyde
Decanal
Heptanal
Hexanal
Nonanal
Octadecanal
Octanal
Pentanal
Propionaldehyde

Related compounds

 Methanol
Formic acid

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
check Yverify (what is check Y ☒ N  ?)
Infobox references

Chemical compound

Formaldehyde ( fər-MAL-də-hide, also for-) (systematic name methanal) is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula CH2O (H−CHO). The pure compound is a pungent-smelling colorless gas that polymerises spontaneously into paraformaldehyde (refer to section Forms below), hence it is stored as an aqueous solution (formalin). It is the simplest of the aldehydes (R−CHO). The common name of this substance comes from its similarity and relation to formic acid.

Formaldehyde is an important precursor to many other materials and chemical compounds. In 1996, the installed capacity for the production of formaldehyde was estimated at 8.7 million tons per year.[13] It is mainly used in the production of industrial resins, e.g., for particle board and coatings.

In view of its widespread use, toxicity, and volatility, formaldehyde poses a significant danger to human health.[14] [15] In 2011, the US National Toxicology Program described formaldehyde as "known to be a human carcinogen".[16] [17] [18]

Forms [edit]

Formaldehyde is more complicated than many simple carbon compounds in that it adopts several diverse forms. These compounds can often be used interchangeably and can be interconverted.

  • Molecular formaldehyde. A colorless gas with a characteristic pungent, irritating odor. It is stable at about 150 °C, but polymerizes when condensed to a liquid.
  • 1,3,5-Trioxane, with the formula (CH2O)3. It is a white solid that dissolves without degradation in organic solvents. It is a trimer of molecular formaldehyde.
  • Paraformaldehyde, with the formula HO(CH2O)nH. It is a white solid that is insoluble in most solvents.
  • Methanediol, with the formula CH2(OH)2. This compound also exists in equilibrium with various oligomers (short polymers), depending on the concentration and temperature. A saturated water solution, of about 40% formaldehyde by volume or 37% by mass, is called "100% formalin".

A small amount of stabilizer, such as methanol, is usually added to suppress oxidation and polymerization. A typical commercial-grade formalin may contain 10–12% methanol in addition to various metallic impurities.

"Formaldehyde" was first used as a generic trademark in 1893 following a previous trade name, "formalin".[19]

  • Main forms of formaldehyde

  • Monomeric formaldehyde (subject of this article).

  • Trioxane is a stable cyclic trimer of formaldehyde.

  • Paraformaldehyde is a common form of formaldehyde for industrial applications.

  • Methanediol, the predominant species in dilute aqueous solutions of formaldehyde.

Occurrence [edit]

Processes in the upper atmosphere contribute up to 90% of the total formaldehyde in the environment. Formaldehyde is an intermediate in the oxidation (or combustion) of methane, as well as of other carbon compounds, e.g. in forest fires, automobile exhaust, and tobacco smoke. When produced in the atmosphere by the action of sunlight and oxygen on atmospheric methane and other hydrocarbons, it becomes part of smog. Formaldehyde has also been detected in outer space (see below).

Formaldehyde and its adducts are ubiquitous in living organisms. It is formed in the metabolism of amino acids[ which? ] and is found in the bloodstream of humans and other primates at concentrations of approximately 0.1 millimolar.[20] Experiments in which animals are exposed to an atmosphere containing isotopically labeled formaldehyde have demonstrated that even in deliberately exposed animals, the majority of formaldehyde-DNA adducts found in non-respiratory tissues are derived from endogenously produced formaldehyde.[21]

Formaldehyde does not accumulate in the environment, because it is broken down within a few hours by sunlight or by bacteria present in soil or water. Humans metabolize formaldehyde quickly, converting it to formic acid, so it does not accumulate in the body.[22]

Interstellar formaldehyde [edit]

Formaldehyde appears to be a useful probe in astrochemistry due to prominence of the 110←111 and 211←212 K-doublet transitions. It was the first polyatomic organic molecule detected in the interstellar medium.[23] Since its initial detection in 1969, it has been observed in many regions of the galaxy. Because of the widespread interest in interstellar formaldehyde, it has been extensively studied, yielding new extragalactic sources.[24] A proposed mechanism for the formation is the hydrogenation of CO ice:[25]

H + CO → HCO
HCO + H → CH2O

HCN, HNC, H2CO, and dust have also been observed inside the comae of comets C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) and C/2012 S1 (ISON).[26] [27]

Synthesis and industrial production [edit]

Laboratory synthesis [edit]

Formaldehyde was first reported in 1859 by the Russian chemist Aleksandr Butlerov (1828–86)[28] In his paper, Butlerov referred to formaldehyde as "dioxymethylen" (methylene dioxide) [page 247] because his empirical formula for it was incorrect (C4H4O4). It was conclusively identified by August Wilhelm von Hofmann, who first announced the production of formaldehyde by passing methanol vapor in air over hot platinum wire.[29] [30] With modifications, Hoffmann's method remains the basis of the present day industrial route.

Solution routes to formaldehyde also entail oxidation of methanol or methyl iodide.[31]

Industry [edit]

Formaldehyde is produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation of methanol. The most common catalysts are silver metal or a mixture of an iron and molybdenum or vanadium oxides. In the commonly used formox process, methanol and oxygen react at ca. 250–400 °C in presence of iron oxide in combination with molybdenum and/or vanadium to produce formaldehyde according to the chemical equation:[13]

2CH3OH + O2 → 2CH2O + 2H2O

The silver-based catalyst usually operates at a higher temperature, about 650 °C. Two chemical reactions on it simultaneously produce formaldehyde: that shown above and the dehydrogenation reaction:

CH3OH → CH2O + H2

In principle, formaldehyde could be generated by oxidation of methane, but this route is not industrially viable because the methanol is more easily oxidized than methane.[13]

Organic chemistry [edit]

Formaldehyde is a building block in the synthesis of many other compounds of specialised and industrial significance. It exhibits most of the chemical properties of other aldehydes but is more reactive.

Self-condensation and hydration [edit]

Formaldehyde, unlike most aldehydes, oligomerizes spontaneously. The trimer is 1,3,5-trioxane, and the polymer is called paraformaldehyde. Many cyclic oligomers have been isolated. Similarly, formaldehyde hydrates to give the geminal diol methanediol, which condenses further to form oligomers HO(CH2O) n H. Monomeric CH2O is rarely encountered.

Oxidation [edit]

It is readily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen into formic acid. For this reason, commercial formaldehyde is typically contaminated with formic acid.

Hydroxymethylation and chloromethylation [edit]

Formaldehyde reacts with many compounds, resulting in hydroxymethylation:

X-H + CH2O → X-CH2OH

(X = R2N, RC(O)NR', SH). The resulting hydroxymethyl derivatives typically react further. Thus, amines give hexahydro-1,3,5-triazines:

3RNH2 + 3CH2O → (RNCH2)3 + 3H2O

Similarly, when combined with hydrogen sulfide, it forms trithiane:[32]

3CH2O + 3H2S → (CH2S)3 + 3H2O

In the presence of acids, it participates in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions with aromatic compounds resulting in hydroxymethylated derivatives:

ArH + CH2O → ArCH2OH

When conducted in the presence of hydrogen chloride, the product is the chloromethyl compound, as described in the Blanc chloromethylation. If the arene is electron-rich, as in phenols, elaborate condensations ensue. With 4-substituted phenols one obtains calixarenes.[33] Phenol results in polymers.

Base reactions [edit]

Cannizzaro reaction in the presence of basic catalysts to produce formic acid and methanol.

Uses [edit]

Industrial applications [edit]

Formaldehyde is a common precursor to more complex compounds and materials. In approximate order of decreasing consumption, products generated from formaldehyde include urea formaldehyde resin, melamine resin, phenol formaldehyde resin, polyoxymethylene plastics, 1,4-butanediol, and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate.[13] The textile industry uses formaldehyde-based resins as finishers to make fabrics crease-resistant.[34]

Two steps in formation of urea-formaldehyde resin, which is widely used in the production of particle board.

When treated with phenol, urea, or melamine, formaldehyde produces, respectively, hard thermoset phenol formaldehyde resin, urea formaldehyde resin, and melamine resin. These polymers are permanent adhesives used in plywood and carpeting. They are also foamed to make insulation, or cast into moulded products. Production of formaldehyde resins accounts for more than half of formaldehyde consumption.

Formaldehyde is also a precursor to polyfunctional alcohols such as pentaerythritol, which is used to make paints and explosives. Other formaldehyde derivatives include methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, an important component in polyurethane paints and foams, and hexamine, which is used in phenol-formaldehyde resins as well as the explosive RDX.

Pentaerythrit.svg

Condensation with acetaldehyde affords pentaerythritol, a chemical necessary in synthesizing PETN, a high explosive.[35] Condensation with phenols gives phenol-formaldehyde resins.

Niche uses [edit]

Disinfectant and biocide [edit]

An aqueous solution of formaldehyde can be useful as a disinfectant as it kills most bacteria and fungi (including their spores). It is used as an additive in vaccine manufacturing to inactivate toxins and pathogens.[36] Formaldehyde releasers are used as biocides in personal care products such as cosmetics. Although present at levels not normally considered harmful, they are known to cause allergic contact dermatitis in certain sensitised individuals.[37]

Aquarists use formaldehyde as a treatment for the parasites Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Cryptocaryon irritans.[38]

Formaldehyde is also approved for use in the manufacture of animal feeds in the US. It is an antimicrobial agent used to maintain complete animal feeds or feed ingredients Salmonella negative for up to 21 days.[39]

Tissue fixative and embalming agent [edit]

Injecting a giant squid specimen with formalin for preservation

Formaldehyde preserves or fixes tissue or cells. The process involves cross-linking of primary amino groups. The European Union has banned the use of formaldehyde as a biocide (including embalming) under the Biocidal Products Directive (98/8/EC) due to its carcinogenic properties.[40] [41] Countries with a strong tradition of embalming corpses, such as Ireland and other colder-weather countries, have raised concerns. Despite reports to the contrary,[42] no decision on the inclusion of formaldehyde on Annex I of the Biocidal Products Directive for product-type 22 (embalming and taxidermist fluids) had been made as of September 2009[update].[43]

Formaldehyde-based crosslinking is exploited in ChIP-on-chip or ChIP-sequencing genomics experiments, where DNA-binding proteins are cross-linked to their cognate binding sites on the chromosome and analyzed to determine what genes are regulated by the proteins. Formaldehyde is also used as a denaturing agent in RNA gel electrophoresis, preventing RNA from forming secondary structures. A solution of 4% formaldehyde fixes pathology tissue specimens at about one mm per hour at room temperature.

Drug testing [edit]

Formaldehyde and an 18 M (concentrated) sulfuric acid makes Marquis reagent—which can identify alkaloids and other compounds.

Photography [edit]

In photography, formaldehyde is used in low concentrations for process C-41 (color negative film) stabilizer in the final wash step,[44] as well as in the process E-6 pre-bleach step, to make it unnecessary in the final wash.

Safety [edit]

Formaldehyde occurs naturally, and is "an essential intermediate in cellular metabolism in mammals and humans."[13]

However, concerns are associated with chronic (long term) exposure by inhalation as may happen from thermal or chemical decomposition of formaldehyde-based resins and the production of formaldehyde resulting from the combustion of a variety of organic compounds (for example, exhaust gases). As formaldehyde resins are used in many construction materials it is one of the more common indoor air pollutants.[45] At concentrations above 0.1 ppm in air formaldehyde can irritate the eyes and mucous membranes.[46] Formaldehyde inhaled at this concentration may cause headaches, a burning sensation in the throat, and difficulty breathing, and can trigger or aggravate asthma symptoms.[47] [48]

A 1988 Canadian study of houses with urea-formaldehyde foam insulation found that formaldehyde levels as low as 0.046 ppm were positively correlated with eye and nasal irritation.[49] A 2009 review of studies has shown a strong association between exposure to formaldehyde and the development of childhood asthma.[50]

A theory was proposed for the carcinogenesis of formaldehyde in 1978.[51] In 1987 the U.S. EPA classified it as a probable human carcinogen, and after more studies the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1995 also classified it as a probable human carcinogen. Further information and evaluation of all known data led the IARC to reclassify formaldehyde as a known human carcinogen [52] associated with nasal sinus cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer.[53] 2009 and 2010 studies have also shown a positive correlation between exposure to formaldehyde and the development of leukemia, particularly myeloid leukemia.[54] [55] Nasopharyngeal and sinonasal cancers are relatively rare, with a combined annual incidence in the United States of < 4,000 cases.[56] [57] About 30,000 cases of myeloid leukemia occur in the United States each year.[58] [59] Some evidence suggests that workplace exposure to formaldehyde contributes to sinonasal cancers.[60] Professionals exposed to formaldehyde in their occupation, such as funeral industry workers and embalmers, showed an increased risk of leukemia and brain cancer compared with the general population.[61] Other factors are important in determining individual risk for the development of leukemia or nasopharyngeal cancer.[60] [62] [63] In yeast, formaldehyde is found to perturb pathways for DNA repair and cell cycle.[64]

In the residential environment, formaldehyde exposure comes from a number of routes; formaldehyde can be emitted by treated wood products, such as plywood or particle board, but it is produced by paints, varnishes, floor finishes, and cigarette smoking as well.[65] In July 2016, the U.S. EPA released a prepublication version of its final rule on Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Composite Wood Products.[66] These new rules impact manufacturers, importers, distributors, and retailers of products containing composite wood, including fiberboard, particleboard, and various laminated products, who must comply with more stringent record-keeping and labeling requirements.[67]

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) allows no more than 0.016 ppm formaldehyde in the air in new buildings constructed for that agency.[68] [ failed verification ] A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency study found a new home measured 0.076 ppm when brand new and 0.045 ppm after 30 days.[69] The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has also announced limits on the formaldehyde levels in trailers purchased by that agency.[70] The EPA recommends the use of "exterior-grade" pressed-wood products with phenol instead of urea resin to limit formaldehyde exposure, since pressed-wood products containing formaldehyde resins are often a significant source of formaldehyde in homes.[53]

For most people, irritation from formaldehyde is temporary and reversible, although formaldehyde can cause allergies and is part of the standard patch test series. In 2005–06, it was the seventh-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (9.0%).[71] People with formaldehyde allergy are advised to avoid formaldehyde releasers as well (e.g., Quaternium-15, imidazolidinyl urea, and diazolidinyl urea).[72] People who suffer allergic reactions to formaldehyde tend to display lesions on the skin in the areas that have had direct contact with the substance, such as the neck or thighs (often due to formaldehyde released from permanent press finished clothing) or dermatitis on the face (typically from cosmetics).[37] Formaldehyde has been banned in cosmetics in both Sweden[ citation needed ] and Japan.[73] The eyes are most sensitive to formaldehyde exposure: The lowest level at which many people can begin to smell formaldehyde ranges between 0.05-1 ppm. The maximum concentration value at the workplace is 0.3 ppm.[74] [ need quotation to verify ] In controlled chamber studies, individuals begin to sense eye irritation at about 0.5 ppm; 5 to 20 percent report eye irritation at 0.5 to 1 ppm; and greater certainty for sensory irritation occurred at 1 ppm and above. While some agencies have used a level as low as 0.1 ppm as a threshold for irritation, the expert panel found that a level of 0.3 ppm would protect against nearly all irritation. In fact, the expert panel found that a level of 1.0 ppm would avoid eye irritation—the most sensitive endpoint—in 75–95% of all people exposed.[75]

Some air purifiers include filtering technology that is supposed to lower indoor formaldehyde concentration.

Formaldehyde levels in building environments are affected by a number of factors. These include the potency of formaldehyde-emitting products present, the ratio of the surface area of emitting materials to volume of space, environmental factors, product age, interactions with other materials, and ventilation condition. Formaldehyde emits from a variety of construction materials, furnishings, and consumer products. The three products that emit the highest concentrations are medium density fiberboard, hardwood plywood, and particle board. Environmental factors such as temperature and relative humidity can elevate levels because formaldehyde has a high vapor pressure. Formaldehyde levels from building materials are the highest when a building first opens because materials would have less time to off-gas. Formaldehyde levels decrease over time as the sources suppress.

Formaldehyde levels in air can be sampled and tested in several ways, including impinger, treated sorbent, and passive monitors.[76] The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has measurement methods numbered 2016, 2541, 3500, and 3800.[77]

Studies on the interactions between formaldehyde and proteins at the molecular level have been reported on the effects of the body's carrier protein, serum albumin. The binding of formaldehyde loosens the skeletal structure of albumin and causes exposure of aromatic ring amino acids in the internal hydrophobic region. Symptoms may affect personal awareness, making one feel tired or fatigued.[ citation needed ]

Formaldehyde inhalation has also shown to cause oxidative stress and inflammation in animals. Mice studied over an exposure to a high dose of formaldehyde (3ppm), showed increased NO −
3 levels in plasma. This result suggests that FA inhalation either decreased NO production or increased NO scavenging, which may be an anti-stress mechanism in the body. Formaldehyde inhalation changes the sensitivity of immune system, which influences oxidative stress.[ citation needed ]

In June 2011, the twelfth edition of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Report on Carcinogens (RoC) changed the listing status of formaldehyde from "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" to "known to be a human carcinogen."[16] [17] [18] Concurrently, a National Academy of Sciences (NAS) committee was convened and issued an independent review of the draft United States Environmental Protection Agency IRIS assessment of formaldehyde, providing a comprehensive health effects assessment and quantitative estimates of human risks of adverse effects.[78]

International bans [edit]

Several web articles claim that formaldehyde has been banned from manufacture or import into the European Union (EU) under REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and restriction of Chemical substances) legislation. That is a misconception, as formaldehyde is not listed in the Annex I of Regulation (EC) No 689/2008 (export and import of dangerous chemicals regulation), nor on a priority list for risk assessment. However, formaldehyde is banned from use in certain applications (preservatives for liquid-cooling and processing systems, slimicides, metalworking-fluid preservatives, and antifouling products) under the Biocidal Products Directive.[79] [80] In the EU, the maximum allowed concentration of formaldehyde in finished products is 0.2%, and any product that exceeds 0.05% has to include a warning that the product contains formaldehyde.[37]

In the United States, Congress passed a bill July 7, 2010 regarding the use of formaldehyde in hardwood plywood, particle board, and medium density fiberboard. The bill limited the allowable amount of formaldehyde emissions from these wood products to .09 ppm, and required companies to meet this standard by January 2013.[81] The final Environmental Protection Agency rule specified maximum emissions of "0.05 ppm formaldehyde for hardwood plywood, 0.09 ppm formaldehyde for particleboard, 0.11 ppm formaldehyde for medium-density fiberboard, and 0.13 ppm formaldehyde for thin medium-density fiberboard."[82]

Formaldehyde was declared a toxic substance by the 1999 Canadian Environmental Protection Act.[83]

External media
Fema trailer 1 Mariel Carr Chemical Heritage Foundation Video.jpg
Audio
audio icon "Episode 202: Where Have All the FEMA Trailers Gone? Tracing Toxicity from Bust to Boom", Distillations, September 2, 2015, Science History Institute
Video
video icon Where Have All the Trailers Gone?, Video by Mariel Carr (Videographer) & Nick Shapiro (Researcher), 2015, Science History Institute

Contaminant in food [edit]

Scandals have broken in both the 2005 Indonesia food scare and 2007 Vietnam food scare regarding the addition of formaldehyde to foods to extend shelf life. In 2011, after a four-year absence, Indonesian authorities found foods with formaldehyde being sold in markets in a number of regions across the country.[84] In August 2011, at least at two Carrefour supermarkets, the Central Jakarta Livestock and Fishery Sub-Department found cendol containing 10 parts per million of formaldehyde.[85] In 2014, the owner of two noodle factories in Bogor, Indonesia, was arrested for using formaldehyde in noodles. 50 kg of formaldehyde was confiscated.[86] Foods known to be contaminated included noodles, salted fish, and tofu. Chicken and beer were also rumored to be contaminated. In some places, such as China, manufacturers still use formaldehyde illegally as a preservative in foods, which exposes people to formaldehyde ingestion.[87] In humans, the ingestion of formaldehyde has been shown to cause vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, and in extreme cases can cause death.[88] Testing for formaldehyde is by blood and/or urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Other methods include infrared detection, gas detector tubes, etc., of which high-performance liquid chromatography is the most sensitive.[89] In the early 1900s, it was frequently added by US milk plants to milk bottles as a method of pasteurization due to the lack of knowledge and concern[90] regarding formaldehyde's toxicity.[91] [92]

In 2011 in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, truckloads of rotten chicken were treated with formaldehyde for sale in which "a large network," including 11 slaughterhouses run by a criminal gang, were implicated.[93] In 2012, 1 billion rupiah (almost US$100,000) of fish imported from Pakistan to Batam, Indonesia, were found laced with formaldehyde.[94]

Formalin contamination of foods has been reported in Bangladesh, with stores and supermarkets selling fruits, fishes, and vegetables that have been treated with formalin to keep them fresh.[95] However, in 2015, a Formalin Control Bill was passed in the Parliament of Bangladesh with a provision of life-term imprisonment as the maximum punishment as well as a maximum fine of 2,000,000 BDT but not less than 500,000 BDT for importing, producing, or hoarding formalin without a license.[96]

Formaldehyde was one of the chemicals used in 19th century industrialised food production that was investigated by Dr. Harvey W. Wiley with his famous 'Poison Squad' as part of the US Department of Agriculture. This led to the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, a landmark event in the early history of food regulation in the United States.

See also [edit]

  • Transition metal complexes of aldehydes and ketones includes several complexes of formaldehyde.
  • 1,3-Dioxetane
  • DMDM hydantoin
  • Sulphobes

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b "Front Matter". Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 908. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN978-0-85404-182-4.
  2. ^ a b "SIDS Initial Assessment Report" (PDF). International Programme on Chemical Safety. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2019-04-21 .
  3. ^ Spence, Robert; Wild, William (1935). "114. The vapour-pressure curve of formaldehyde, and some related data". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 506–509. doi:10.1039/jr9350000506.
  4. ^ "PubChem Compound Database; CID=712". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2017-07-08 .
  5. ^ "Acidity of aldehydes". Chemistry Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on 2018-09-01. Retrieved 2019-04-21 .
  6. ^ Nelson Jr., R. D.; Lide, D. R.; Maryott, A. A. (1967). "Selected Values of electric dipole moments for molecules in the gas phase (NSRDS-NBS10)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-08. Retrieved 2019-04-21 .
  7. ^ Weast, Robert C., ed. (1981). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (62nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. C–301, E–61. ISBN0-8493-0462-8.
  8. ^ a b c Record of Formaldehyde in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, accessed on 13 March 2020.
  9. ^ a b c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0293". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  10. ^ NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0294". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  11. ^ "Substance Name: Formaldehyde [USP]". ChemlDplus. US National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2017-09-18.
  12. ^ a b "Formaldehyde". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  13. ^ a b c d e Reuss, Günther; Disteldorf, Walter; Gamer, Armin Otto; Hilt, Albrecht (2000). "Formaldehyde". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_619.
  14. ^ "Formaldehyde", Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol (PDF), IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 88, Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2006, pp. 39–325, ISBN978-92-832-1288-1
  15. ^ "Formaldehyde (gas)", Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition (PDF), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, 2005
  16. ^ a b Harris, Gardiner (2011-06-10). "Government Says 2 Common Materials Pose Risk of Cancer". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2011-06-11 .
  17. ^ a b National Toxicology Program (2011-06-10). "12th Report on Carcinogens". National Toxicology Program. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2011-06-11 .
  18. ^ a b National Toxicology Program (2011-06-10). "Report On Carcinogens - Twelfth Edition - 2011" (PDF). National Toxicology Program. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2011-06-11 .
  19. ^ Formalin, Merriam-Webster, Inc., 15 January 2020, retrieved 18 February 2020
  20. ^ National Research Council (2014). Review of the Formaldehyde Assessment in the National Toxicology Program 12th Report on Carcinogens (PDF). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p. 91. doi:10.17226/18948. ISBN978-0-309-31227-1. PMID 25340250.
  21. ^ National Research Council (2014), p. 95
  22. ^ "Formaldehyde Is Biodegradable, Quickly Broken Down in the Air By Sunlight or By Bacteria in Soil or Water" (Press release). Formaldehyde Panel of the American Chemistry Council. 2014-01-29. Archived from the original on 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2017-04-22 .
  23. ^ Zuckerman, B.; Buhl, D.; Palmer, P.; Snyder, L. E. (1970). "Observation of interstellar formaldehyde". Astrophys. J. 160: 485–506. Bibcode:1970ApJ...160..485Z. doi:10.1086/150449.
  24. ^ Mangum, Jeffrey G.; Darling, Jeremy; Menten, Karl M.; Henkel, Christian (2008). "Formaldehyde Densitometry of Starburst Galaxies". Astrophys. J. 673 (2): 832–46. arXiv:0710.2115. Bibcode:2008ApJ...673..832M. doi:10.1086/524354. S2CID 14035123.
  25. ^ Woon, David E. (2002). "Modeling Gas-Grain Chemistry with Quantum Chemical Cluster Calculations. I. Heterogeneous Hydrogenation of CO and H2CO on Icy Grain Mantles". Astrophys. J. 569 (1): 541–48. Bibcode:2002ApJ...569..541W. doi:10.1086/339279.
  26. ^ Zubritsky, Elizabeth; Neal-Jones, Nancy (11 August 2014). "RELEASE 14-038 - NASA's 3-D Study of Comets Reveals Chemical Factory at Work". NASA . Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  27. ^ Cordiner, M.A.; et al. (11 August 2014). "Mapping the Release of Volatiles in the Inner Comae of Comets C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) and C/2012 S1 (ISON) Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array". The Astrophysical Journal. 792 (1): L2. arXiv:1408.2458. Bibcode:2014ApJ...792L...2C. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/792/1/L2. S2CID 26277035.
  28. ^ Butlerow, A (1859). Ueber einige Derivate des Jodmethylens [On some derivatives of methylene iodide]. Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 111. pp. 242–252.
  29. ^ See: A. W. Hofmann (14 October 1867) "Zur Kenntnis des Methylaldehyds" ([Contributions] to our knowledge of methylaldehyde), Monatsbericht der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Monthly Report of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin), vol. 8, pages 665–669. Reprinted in:
    • A.W. Hofmann, (1868) "Zur Kenntnis des Methylaldehyds", Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie (Annals of Chemistry and Pharmacy), vol. 145, no. 3, pages 357–361.
    • A.W. Hofmann (1868) "Zur Kenntnis des Methylaldehyds", Journal für praktische Chemie (Journal for Practical Chemistry), vol. 103, no. 1, pages 246–250.
    However, it was not until 1869 that Hofmann determined the correct empirical formula of formaldehyde. See: A.W. Hofmann (5 April 1869) "Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Methylaldehyds", Monatsbericht der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, vol. ?, pages 362–372. Reprinted in:
    • Hofmann, A.W. (1869). "Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Methylaldehyds". Journal für Praktische Chemie. 107 (1): 414–424. doi:10.1002/prac.18691070161.
    • A.W. Hofmann (1869) "Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Methylaldehyds," Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (Reports of the German Chemical Society), vol. 2, pages 152–159.
  30. ^ Read, J. (1935). Text-Book of Organic Chemistry. London: G Bell & Sons.
  31. ^ Hooker, Jacob M.; Schönberger, Matthias; Schieferstein, Hanno; Fowler, Joanna S. (2008). "A Simple, Rapid Method for the Preparation of [11C]Formaldehyde". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 47 (32): 5989–5992. doi:10.1002/anie.200800991. PMC2522306. PMID 18604787.
  32. ^ Bost, R. W.; Constable, E. W. (1936). "sym-Trithiane". Organic Syntheses. 16: 81. ; Collective Volume, 2, p. 610
  33. ^ Gutsche, C. D.; Iqbal, M. (1993). "p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene". Organic Syntheses. ; Collective Volume, 8, p. 75
  34. ^ "Formaldehyde in Clothing and Textiles FactSheet". NICNAS. Australian National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme. 2013-05-01. Archived from the original on 2019-03-19. Retrieved 2014-11-12 .
  35. ^ Schurink, H. B. J. (1925). "Pentaerythritol". Organic Syntheses. 4: 53. ; Collective Volume, 1, p. 425
  36. ^ "Ingredients of Vaccines - Fact Sheet". Center for Disease Control. Archived from the original on 2019-04-21. Retrieved 2018-08-04 . Formaldehyde is used to inactivate bacterial products for toxoid vaccines, (these are vaccines that use an inactive bacterial toxin to produce immunity.) It is also used to kill unwanted viruses and bacteria that might contaminate the vaccine during production. Most formaldehyde is removed from the vaccine before it is packaged.
  37. ^ a b c De Groot, Anton C; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Lensen, Gerda; Menné, Torkil; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan (2009). "Formaldehyde-releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde-releasers". Contact Dermatitis. 61 (2): 63–85. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x. hdl:11370/c3ff7adf-9f21-4564-96e0-0b9c5d025b30. PMID 19706047. S2CID 23404196.
  38. ^ Francis-Floyd, Ruth (April 1996). "Use of Formalin to Control Fish Parasites". Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012.
  39. ^ "§573.460 Formaldehyde". U.S. Government Publishing Office. 2019-04-19. Archived from the original on 2017-05-05. Retrieved 2016-07-09 .
  40. ^ Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998 concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. OJEU L123, 24.04.1998, pp. 1–63. (consolidated version to 2008-09-26 (PDF))
  41. ^ Commission Regulation (EC) No 2032/2003 of 4 November 2003 on the second phase of the 10-year work programme referred to in Article 16(2) of Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1896/2000. OJEU L307, 24.11.2003, p. 1–96. (consolidated version to 2007-01-04 (PDF))
  42. ^ Patel, Alkesh (2007-07-04). "Formaldehyde Ban set for 22 September 2007". WebWire. Archived from the original on 2018-12-12. Retrieved 2012-05-19 .
  43. ^ "European chemical Substances Information System (ESIS) entry for formaldehyde". Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2009-09-01 .
  44. ^ "Process C-41 Using Kodak Flexicolor Chemicals - Publication Z-131". Kodak. Archived from the original on 2016-06-15. Retrieved 2009-09-01 .
  45. ^ "Indoor Air Pollution in California" (PDF). Air Resources Board, California Environmental Protection Agency. July 2005. pp. 65–70. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-01. Retrieved 2012-05-19 .
  46. ^ "Formaldehyde". Occupational Safety and Health Administration. August 2008. Archived from the original on 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2009-09-01 .
  47. ^ "Formaldehyde Reference Exposure Levels". California Office Of Health Hazard Assessment. December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-23. Retrieved 2012-05-19 .
  48. ^ "Formaldehyde and Indoor Air". Health Canada. 2012-03-29. Archived from the original on 2019-04-23. Retrieved 2019-04-23 .
  49. ^ Broder, I; Corey, P; Brasher, P; Lipa, M; Cole, P (1991). "Formaldehyde exposure and health status in households". Environmental Health Perspectives. 95: 101–4. doi:10.1289/ehp.9195101. PMC1568408. PMID 1821362.
  50. ^ McGwin, G; Lienert, J; Kennedy, JI (November 2009). "Formaldehyde Exposure and Asthma in Children: A Systematic Review". Environmental Health Perspectives. 118 (3): 313–7. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901143. PMC2854756. PMID 20064771.
  51. ^ Lobachev, AN (1978). "РОЛЬ МИТОХОНДРИАЛЬНЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ В РАЗВИТИИ И СТАРЕНИИ ОРГАНИЗМА. СТАРЕНИЕ И РАК" [Role of mitochondrial processes in the development and aging of organism. Aging and cancer] (PDF) (in Russian). VINITI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-06. Retrieved 2012-08-01 .
  52. ^ IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2006). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans - VOLUME 88 - Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol (PDF). WHO Press. ISBN92-832-1288-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2019-04-23 .
  53. ^ a b "Formaldehyde and Cancer Risk". National Cancer Institute. 2011-06-10. Archived from the original on 2019-01-23.
  54. ^ Zhang, Luoping; Steinmaus, Craig; Eastmond, Eastmond; Xin, Xin; Smith, Smith (March–June 2009). "Formaldehyde exposure and leukemia: A new meta-analysis and potential mechanisms" (PDF). Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research. 681 (2–3): 150–168. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.07.002. PMID 18674636. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2013-05-22 .
  55. ^ Zhang, Luoping; Freeman, Laura E. Beane; Nakamura, Jun; Hecht, Stephen S.; Vandenberg, John J.; Smith, Martyn T.; Sonawane, Babasaheb R. (2010). "Formaldehyde and Leukemia: Epidemiology, Potential Mechanisms, and Implications for Risk Assessment". Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 51 (3): 181–191. doi:10.1002/em.20534. PMC2839060. PMID 19790261.
  56. ^ "Key Statistics for Nasopharyngeal Cancer". American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on 2019-01-11. Retrieved 2019-04-22 .
  57. ^ Turner JH, Reh DD (June 2012). "Incidence and survival in patients with sinonasal cancer: a historical analysis of population-based data". Head Neck. 34 (6): 877–85. doi:10.1002/hed.21830. PMID 22127982. S2CID 205857872.
  58. ^ "Key Statistics for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia". American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on 2019-04-23. Retrieved 2019-04-22 .
  59. ^ "What are the key statistics about acute myeloid leukemia?Key Statistics for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)". American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on 2019-04-23. Retrieved 2019-04-22 .
  60. ^ a b "Risk Factors for Nasopharyngeal Cancer". American Cancer Society. 24 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  61. ^ Butticè, Claudio (2015). "Solvents". In Colditz, Graham A. (ed.). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Cancer and Society (Second ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1089–1091. doi:10.4135/9781483345758.n530. ISBN9781483345734.
  62. ^ "Risk Factors for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)". American Cancer Society. 2018-08-21. Archived from the original on 2019-04-23.
  63. ^ "Risk Factors for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia". American Cancer Society. 2018-06-19. Archived from the original on 2018-12-12.
  64. ^ Ogbede, J. U., Giaever, G., & Nislow, C. (2021). A genome-wide portrait of pervasive drug contaminants. Scientific reports, 11(1), 12487. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91792-1
  65. ^ Dales, R; Liu, L; Wheeler, AJ; Gilbert, NL (July 2008). "Quality of indoor residential air and health". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 179 (2): 147–52. doi:10.1503/cmaj.070359. PMC2443227. PMID 18625986.
  66. ^ "Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Composite Wood Products". EPA. 8 July 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2019-04-24 .
  67. ^ Passmore, Whitney; Sullivan, Michael J. (2016-08-04). "EPA Issues Final Rule on Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Composite Wood Products". The National Law Review. Womble Carlyle Sandridge & Rice, PLLC. Archived from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2016-08-24 – via Google News.
  68. ^ "Testing for Indoor Air Quality, Baseline IAQ, and Materials". Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on October 15, 2006.
  69. ^ M. Koontz, H. Rector, D. Cade, C. Wilkes, and L. Niang. 1996. Residential Indoor Air Formaldehyde Testing Program: Pilot Study. Report No. IE-2814, prepared by GEOMET Technologies, Inc. for the USEPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics under EPA Contract No. 68-D3-0013, Washington, DC
  70. ^ Evans, Ben (2008-04-11). "FEMA limits formaldehyde in trailers". Boston.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved 2008-09-04 .
  71. ^ Zug KA, Warshaw EM, Fowler JF, Maibach HI, Belsito DL, Pratt MD, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Mathias CG, Deleo VA, Rietschel RL, Marks J (2009). "Patch-test results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005-2006". Dermatitis. 20 (3): 149–60. doi:10.2310/6620.2009.08097. PMID 19470301. S2CID 24088485.
  72. ^ "Formaldehyde allergy". DermNet NZ. New Zealand Dermatological Society. 2002. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2019-04-25 .
  73. ^ Hayashida, Mike. "The Regulation of Cosmetics in Japan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-14. Retrieved 2019-04-25 .
  74. ^ "Formaldehyde CAS 50-00-0" (PDF). United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2019-04-25 .
  75. ^ Formaldehyde Epidemiology, Toxicology and Environmental Group, Inc (August 2002). "Formaldehyde and Facts About Health Effects" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-11. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  76. ^ "When Sampling Formaldehyde, The Medium Matters". Galson Labs. Archived from the original on 2011-03-23.
  77. ^ "NIOSH Pocket Gide to Chemical Hazards: Formaldehyde". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC. 2018-11-29. Archived from the original on 2019-03-28.
  78. ^ Addendum to the 12th Report on Carcinogens (PDF) National Toxicology Program, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, retrieved 06-13-2011
  79. ^ "European Union Bans formaldehyde/formalin within Europe" (PDF). European Commission's Environment Directorate-General. 2007-06-22. pp. 1–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-27. Retrieved 2012-05-19 .
  80. ^ "ESIS (European Chemical Substances Information System)". European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Health and Consumer Protection. February 2009. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  81. ^ "S.1660 - Formaldehyde Standards for Composite Wood Products Act". GovTrack. 2010-08-25. Archived from the original on 2019-04-29. Retrieved 2019-04-29 .
  82. ^ "Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Composite Wood Products". Regulations.gov. United States Federal Register. 12 December 2016. Archived from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019. The emission standards will be 0.05 ppm formaldehyde for hardwood plywood, 0.09 ppm formaldehyde for particleboard, 0.11 ppm formaldehyde for medium-density fiberboard, and 0.13 ppm formaldehyde for thin medium-density fiberboard.
  83. ^ "Health Canada - Proposed residential indoor air quality guidelines for formaldehyde". Health Canada. April 2007. Archived from the original on 2013-05-30.
  84. ^ "Formaldehyde-laced foods reemerge in Indonesian markets". antaranews.com. 2011-08-10. Archived from the original on 2018-10-25.
  85. ^ "Formaldehyde-Tainted Rice Drinks Found at Carrefour Markets". JakartaGlobe. 2011-08-22. Archived from the original on 2012-09-28.
  86. ^ "BPOM Uncovers Two Formaldehyde-Tainted Noodle Factories in Bogor". JakartaGlobe. 2014-10-12. Archived from the original on 2015-08-01.
  87. ^
    • Tang, Xiaojiang; Bai, Yang; Duong, Anh; Smith, Martyn T.; Li, Laiyu; Zhang, Luoping (2009). "Formaldehyde in China: Production, consumption, exposure levels, and health effects". Environment International. 35 (8): 1210–1224. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2009.06.002. ISSN 0160-4120. PMID 19589601.
    • see references cited on p. 1216 above
    • "Municipality sees red over bad blood processing". China Daily. 2011-03-18. Archived from the original on 2018-10-24.
  88. ^ "Formaldehyde | Medical Management Guidelines | Toxic Substance Portal | ATSDR". wwwn.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2021-08-25 .
  89. ^ Ngwa, Moise (2010-10-25). "formaldehyde testing" (PDF). Cedar Rapids Gazette. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-25. Retrieved 2012-05-19 .
  90. ^ Blum, Deborah, 1954- (2018-09-25). The poison squad : one chemist's single-minded crusade for food safety at the turn of the twentieth century. Go Big Read (Program). New York, New York. ISBN9781594205149. OCLC 1024107182. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  91. ^ "Was Death in the Milk?". The Indianapolis News. 1900-07-31. p. 5. Archived from the original on 2018-11-17. Retrieved 2014-08-20 – via Newspapers.com. open access
  92. ^ "Wants New Law Enacted. Food Inspector Farnsworth Would Have Use of Formaldehyde in Milk Stopped". The Topeka Daily Capital. 1903-08-30. p. 8. Archived from the original on 2018-11-17. Retrieved 2014-08-20 – via Newspapers.com. open access
  93. ^ "Illegal business 'being run by a gang'". The Nation. 2011-06-16. Archived from the original on 2011-06-16.
  94. ^ "Import of formaldehyde fish from Pakistan foiled in Batam". The Jakarta Post. 2012-02-23. Archived from the original on 2018-12-16.
  95. ^ "Trader Fined for Selling Fish Treated with Formalin". The Daily Star. 2009-08-31. Archived from the original on 2019-04-29.
  96. ^ "Formalin Control Bill 2015 passed". ntv online. 2015-02-16. Archived from the original on 2018-03-23. Retrieved 2015-03-04 .

External links [edit]

  • International Chemical Safety Card 0275 (gas)
  • International Chemical Safety Card 0695 (solution)
  • NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0293". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  • Entry for "Formaldehyde" on the Australian National Pollutant Inventory
  • Formaldehyde from ChemSub Online
  • Prevention guide—Formaldehyde in the Workplace (PDF) from the IRSST
  • Formaldehyde from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
  • IPCS Health and Safety Guide 57: Formaldehyde
  • IPCS Environmental Health Criteria 89: Formaldehyde
  • SIDS Initial Assessment Report for Formaldehyde from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
  • Formaldehyde Added to "Known Carcinogens" List Despite Lobbying by Chemical Industry — video report by Democracy Now!
  • Do you own a post-Katrina FEMA trailer? Check your VIN#
  • So you're living in one of FEMA's Katrina trailers... What can you do?
  • Formaldehyde in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)

Best Home And Gardens Furnitute Has Formaldehyde

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde

Posted by: wilsonexte1947.blogspot.com

0 Response to "Best Home And Gardens Furnitute Has Formaldehyde"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel